Tumor Board: Is There Value in Multidisciplinary Case Consideration?

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digital health, evidence based medicine, health, innovation, oncology, participatory medicine, tumor board

By Gregg A. Masters, MPH

When the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer picked up the accreditation football and in the spirit of the then Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals ‘Joint Commission‘ began the promulgation of specific standards for the accreditation of aspiring ‘cancer programs’, at the center of this consideration was the multidisciplinary cancer conference also known as ‘tumor board.’

Via these standards there were both structural and certain process considerations to meet, but the underlying assumption or zeitgeist of the value proposition – better cancer care – was that ‘multidisciplinary’ engagement of cancer specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients would produce superior outcomes.

Then in October of 2012 Keating et al published a study titled: ‘Tumor Boards and the Quality of Cancer Care’. While somewhat dated (interval 2001-2004), and not generally representative of community oncology practices per se (the sample was sourced in the Veteran’s Health System), the conclusions are none-the-less a compelling call to objectively demonstrate long held assumptions of the benefits of tumor board ‘collaboration’.

The background context for the study was noted as follows:

Despite the widespread use of tumor boards, few data on their effects on cancer care exist. We assessed whether the presence of a tumor board, either general or cancer specific, was associated with recommended cancer care, outcomes, or use in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health system.

While Keating et al concluded as follows:

We observed little association of multidisciplinary tumor boards with measures of use, quality, or survival. This may reflect no effect or an effect that varies by structural and functional components and participants’ expertise.

Following publication a series of pieces appeared in the professional press with eye catching headlines such as:

‘Tumor Boards May Not Really Impact Cancer Care‘, and ‘Little association of multidisciplinary tumor boards with effects on cancer care‘, but the title that grabbed our attention was an opinion piece in response to the Keating study offered by Douglas W. Blayney, MD, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, titled: ‘Tumor Boards (team Huddles) Aren’t Enough to Reach the Goal‘.

Blayney details his reasoning and observation while cautioning against the potential ‘knee jerk’ over reaction by some to the Keating conclusions and ‘market aftermath’ as follows:

Tumor boards have too long a history for them to be easily
abandoned. Much like the “hurry-up” offense changed the conduct of huddles in football, tumor boards should also adapt to the changing times and technology. In the system studied by Keating et al. (1), there are only huddles and no feedback loop. Their measurement work provides a reason to change tumor board conduct.

On ‘This Week in Oncology‘, May 22nd, 2013 at 2PM Pacific/5PM Eastern Dr. Blayney is our very special guest. We’ll dive deeper into his thought process, rationale and recommendations to tweak the tumor board formula via technology and other process adds, to perhaps better align this important multi-disciplinary experience with improved patient outcomes.

‘You Don’t Know Jack’ by Morgan Spurlock

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cancer, clinical trials, digital media, evidence based medicine, health, innovation, Intel Science Fair, jack andraka, oncology, participatory medicine

By Gregg A. Masters, MPH

But you should! Get to know him here:

Earlier today we just finished chatting with Jack Andraka on This Week In Oncology. One of my favorite lines from the conversation is quoted below, Jack refers to the high school biology class as the:

absolute stifler of innovation

From which he none-the-less associates inspiration for his scientific inquiry. Suffice it to say, Jack was neither encouraged nor challenged by the curriculum, and found other ways to engage his mind and curiousity.

Clinical Cancer Advances 2012 via @ASCO

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cancer, evidence based medicine, innovation, medical education, oncology, participatory medicine, physician, social media, twitter

Now in its eighth year, Clinical Cancer Advances 2012 was developed under the guidance of an 21-person editorial board of leading oncologists, overseen by Executive Editors Nicholas J. Vogelzang, MD and Bruce J. Roth, MD.
Each year, the American Society of Clinical Oncology conducts an independent review of advances in clinical cancer research that have the greatest potential impact on patients’ lives.

This year’s report, Clinical Cancer Advances 2012: ASCO’s Annual Report on Progress Against Cancer, features 87 studies, 17 of which were designated as “major” advances by the report’s 21-person editorial board.

The large number of advances featured in this year’s Report affirms the remarkable payoff of national investments in clinical research on cancer prevention, screening, treatment and quality of life for patients with cancer.

For complete report, click here.

Can ‘Social Media’ Bridge the Gap Between Payers and Oncologists?

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@tumorboard, cancer, digital media, health, innovation, managed care, medical education, participatory medicine, social media, twitter

By Gregg A. Masters, MPH

The continued penetration of social media tools, platforms and derivatives into medicine in general and oncology in particular continues to make steady if not uneven headway into the workflow of medical groups, physician networks if not individual practices.

Still somewhat of a ‘show me the money’ value proposition, social media leverages widely accessible web-based and mobile technologies to create and share user-generated content in a collaborative and more often than not near real time social context. The ultimate promise is, that it’s effective uptake will enable new opportunities for physicians, other healthcare professionals and even certain ‘calcified institutions’ i.e., hospitals, to interact with patients in new and different ways.

In cancer care social media can serve as a platform for patient education (see: @Chemotopia) if not as an authoritative health messaging resource, where oncologists fulfill their role as trusted publishers if not de-facto ‘search nodes on the web’. Additionally many believe these emerging technologies can add to professional development, see @TumorBoard, knowledge sharing, and even where appropriate direct patient interaction, if key legal and privacy concerns can be addressed prospectively.

In the professional development department, the video below was shot on November 16 2012 at American Journal of Managed Care’s (AJMC) ‘Translating Evidence-Based Research Into Value-Based Decisions in Oncology’.

Featuring Dennis Scanlon, PhD, who addresses the ‘Importance of Payer/Provider Relationships’. Dr. Scanlon is Professor of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, stresses: ‘it is very important to bridge the gap between providers and payers in oncology management’ as ‘there is a lot of variation in the cost and quality of care in oncology. The goal is to identify the appropriate payments for quality care.’

The Shell Answer Man

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cancer, clinical trials, clinicaltrials, CME, digital media, evidence based medicine, health, Just Oncology, oncology, participatory medicine, social media, twitter

By Richard Just, MD

Over the past 37 years in practice, I’ve received thousands of requests from patients, family and friends to interpret results of clinical trials.  These requests have increased dramatically with the advent of the Internet.   Many of these reports involve poor trial design or are inappropriate for the patient under consideration.  Sometimes I’ve mumbled to myself “I feel like the Shell Answer Man”.  For those too young to remember, I’m referring to a Shell Oil Co. ad beginning in the 1960’s in which the ‘Shell Answer Man”, replete in his Shell gas station uniform, answered common questions about driving and the uses of gas and oil. He just memorized a script; sometimes I wish I had one.   

Over Labor Day weekend, while in Chicago for a family event, we turned on TV to catch up on the day’s news. As fate would have it, we stumbled upon a healthcare segment on the NBC affiliate.  The reporter was listing items individuals should consider in evaluating results of clinical trials.  It seemed to me that knowledge of these items would be very helpful to people who are not healthcare professionals; people who need some way to filter trials worth pursuing with their physicians.  The following are those questions:

1. Are the patients in the trial separated into groups, with one receiving the drug or regimen being tested (“Experimental Group”) while the other is treated with the agent(s) considered standard treatment (“Controls”)?  These groups are many times labeled “arms.”  The Control Arm may be a placebo if there is no known standard treatment.  This does not mean the patient receives no treatment at all.  These types of studies are considered the “gold standard” of clinical trials in that they involve large numbers of patients who are followed for long periods of time.  This increases the likelihood that resultant findings are valid.  The downside is they take a long time to complete and are very expensive (about $1 billion from start to finish).
2. What is the total number of patients entered into the trial?  As alluded to above, the more the better.  If one study includes 50 patients while another 350 (all other factors being equal), place more trust in the larger trial.
3. What is the length of the study? In other words, how long are the patients followed? Again, the longer the better.
4. Were the patients included in the trial representative of the proposed population to be studied?  For example, if the population to be studied involves pediatric patients, someone over 18 years of age should not be entered into the trial.
5. Who is funding the study? Pay attention here. If the study is paid for by the company who developed the experimental agent, how likely are they to give a completely unbiased report? Of course we want to assume that they will, but unfortunately, some won’t.  A government supported trial is more likely to report balanced findings than an industry funded one. The reporter added that patients should note what the authors say about their study, i.e., do they make overly optimistic claims for their treatments?  Most investigators add some type of cautionary note, like “the proposed treatment looks promising pending further studies.”  This disclaimer recognizes that no study is perfect.  In fact, there has been a marked increase in the number of studies initially reporting positive results that were retracted when similarly designed trials were subsequently negative.  The end result has been a delay in patients receiving appropriate treatments and a horrible waste of money.
6. I’m adding this one on my own. I’ve noticed that one of the most common mistakes people make is to search for clinical trials involving the wrong cancer, not realizing that we identify cancers by their organ-of-origin, not the organ where they spread (metastasize).  An example would be to collect articles about liver cancer instead of colon cancer that metastasized to liver.

As chairman of our hospital’s Investigational Review Committee, I and our members are in charge of reviewing proposed clinical trials conducted in our hospital district.  The above factors, as well as many others, are considered before studies are approved, denied or amendments recommended.  Consideration of the items discussed above could save everyone a lot of wasted time, and even lead to the retirement of the Shell Answer Man.

China: A report from the journey

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cancer, digital media, evidence based medicine, integrative oncology, medical education, oncology, participatory medicine, physician, social media, Traditional Chinese medicine, wellness

By Richard Just, MD

China is nothing like I imagined! The evolution of healthcare mirrors major events in Chinese history.  Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) dates back 5,000 years when the first documentation appears.  What is currently called TCM goes back 3,000 years, and was essentially passed from one generation to the next.  Another factor that resulted in fragmentation of medical practices was that China was a feudal society whose states were constantly at war with each other.  The emergence of the Qin state resulted in a single state system with a single script and standardized weights and measures.  But their reign was so oppressive it lasted only 15 years, overthrown by the Han Dynasty in 210 BC.  During this time fragments of the Great Wall were fused into one continuous structure, and the underground mausoleum of the terra-cotta warriors was constructed near modern day Xi’an which was China’s capitol at that time.

In my mind, China was still a monolithic society under a Communist regime and TCM was available to the masses while western medicine was for the ruling class.  Well that’s not exactly the case.  Prior to 1949, there had been a widening chasm between those who had access to healthcare and most everyone else who didn’t.  When the Party came to power, most workers were employed by the government and had access to healthcare.  All through the Cold War era, the only major leader who never left his country was Mao.  He was mainly concerned with unification of the country and building a strong infrastructure.  Many lesser officials did interface with the West, and when they returned with different ideas, the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) ensued.

We all know that intellectuals, including doctors, suffered.  But Mao realized he needed some physicians to treat the population.  He also realized that TCM needed to be standardized so it could be disseminated to as many doctors as possible.  In this process, much of the practice of TCM was changed in China, but it continued as it had been practiced for 3,000 years in Japan.  In 1980, with the end of the Cultural Revolution, two policies were instituted that have resulted in major changes in society:

1. One child per family rule:  There are certain exceptions to this rule.  But, in general, if a family has more than one child they are fined, heavily.  And, if the practice continues, a sterilization procedure results.
2. Opening up China to western ideas and businesses:  One of the first businesses allowed into China was health insurance.  Hard  to believe but true.  What has resulted is a system resembling ours.  Government employees and  officials  have  government insurance, which is essentially free.  They have access to everything necessary for their care, and it is funded by taxing the entire population.  Non-governmental employees buy private health insurance which generally covers 70% of  costs, leaving 30% out-of-pocket.  These policies consume a  good  chunk of income, and are renewed for 25 years after which all costs are covered by Social Security and the government.  Again these funds derive from taxes.  Parents pay for healthcare of their children, and rural farmers who can’t afford insurance are eligible for something like Medicaid/MediCal with “bare-bones” coverage.  This latter situation is also not free.  Obviously, most young people prefer a government job.  These are hard to come by unless you know someone, and contribute to his “Red Pack.”  This is the local phrase for payola or bribe.

Does this sound familiar?  I found no one who felt the system was fair.  But I didn’t speak with a government official.

Meanwhile, my wife and I had a personal experience with TCM.  Prior to our trip, Dee Dee fractured two metatarsals in her left foot.  This was healing when we left.  But, I’ve dubbed China as the country of stairs.  Lots of walking and climbing.  This time both feet and ankles were extremely painful and swollen when we boarded the Yangtze River cruise.  Fortunately, there was a doctor on board who saw her the next day.  Her treatment consisted of acupuncture, acupressure, placement of antifungal patches on the tops of her feet and cupping.  Not what I learned in training.  It was recommended that she soak her feet and legs up to mid-calf level each night in very warm to hot water for 20-30 minutes.  The whole process lasted one hour and cost 550 yuan, equating to roughly 90 USD.  She was much improved by the following morning.  That afternoon, Dee Dee had a second treatment.  Both treatments were very painful, especially when the needles were inserted.  It turns out Chinese needles have a much larger bore than those used in the U.S.

We listened to a lecture on TCM given by the same doctor.  TCM involves not only acupuncture, acupressure and cupping, but also herbal medicine, Qigong, and Tai chi.  He discussed the use of TCM modalities in treatment of migraine and other headaches, motion sickness and back pain.  Every morning, the same Dr. John Lee gave Tai chi lessons on board, which we both attended.  The only excursion Dee Dee has missed was to the temples at Fengdu which involved over 500 stairs and inclined walkways.

Now for the big question:  “Is there any role for TCM in the treatment of cancer?”  He said that TCM is of little benefit in treating or preventing cancer, but may have some benefit as an adjunct to surgery or other conventional treatments.  More on this when we reach Shanghai.

More On Screening: Barrett’s Esophagus

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Barrett’s Esophagus, cancer, CME, epatients, GERD, medical education, medicine, oncology, participatory medicine, patients, physicians, research

By Richard Just, MD

Recently, a friend of mine asked me for medical advice concerning his condition, Barrett’s esophagus.  When the diagnosis was initially made, he was advised he would require annual screening endoscopies with random biopsies.  But, on his last visit, my friend was told he didn’t need another procedure for 5 years, with no explanation.  “What’s up?”  Since he had a copy of the biopsy report (not with him, but at home), I advised he read it and look for the word dysplasia.  Wikipedia defines dysplasia as

maturation abnormality.

So far, I haven’t heard back.  But this stimulated me to review current recommendations on the subject.

Between 2-3 decades ago, there was a sudden increase of adenocarcinomas (“glandular cancers”) of the lower esophagus usually in Caucasian males.  This event was noticeable in that the usual esophageal cancers were a different cell type, squamous cell carcinomas, that tended to occur in Black males.  Adenocarcinomas appeared to be correlated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), while squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.  These are tends, not absolutes.  GERD causes irritation of the cells of the lower esophagus resulting in conversion of the cell type (metaplasia) from squamous cells to columnar cells, the definition of Barrett’s esophagus.  Barrett’s, in turn, can progress to low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma.  Thus, it has been proposed that patients with at least weekly GERD symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia, meaning difficulty swallowing) that have been present for at least 5 years, and who have multiple risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma including white ethnicity, male sex, older age, obesity and long duration of GERD undergo screening for Barrett’s esophagus.

Management of Barrett’s esophagus involves 3 major components:

1. Treatment of GERD:  Recommended to be initiated prior to surveillance endoscopies to minimize confusion caused by inflammation in diagnosing dysplasia.  Not thought to reduce incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas.
2. Endoscopic surveillance:  If no dysplasia found, next scope in 3-5 years.  Follow up for low grade dysplasia is 6-12 months  For intensive endoscopic surveillance of high grade dysplasia, scope every 3 months.
3. Treatment of high-grade dysplasia:  Recommendations can include esophagectomy, endoscopic ablative therapies, and endoscopic mucosal resection in addition to intensive endoscopic surveillance.

Since the above recommendations were updated in 2011, my assumption is that no dysplasia was discovered on any of the 3 studies and risk of progression to cancer is low.  For the general population of patients with Barrett’s esophagus, the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is 0.5% per year.  Contrast this with 5-8% per year in patients with high grade dysplasia.  The risk for low grade dysplasia falls somewhere between these 2 extremes.

I’ve written previously about the limitations and risks of mass screening techniques, e.g., mammography for breast cancer, PSA testing for prostate cancer and PAP smears for cervical cancer.  The same applies to screening endoscopies for Barrett’s esophagus.  The procedure carries with it risks, including perforation and bleeding.  It’s also not very comfortable to have a hose snaked down your throat so that pre-anesthetics are sometimes necessary, creating more risk.  Random biopsies are performed because it’s sometimes difficult for the endoscopist to identify areas of dysplasia from just metaplastic cells, leading to falsely negative results.  In his new book “The Creative Destruction of Medicine”, Dr. Eric Topal opines “We’re not very good at detecting and fighting cancer.  The mass screening model, as with mammography or prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing……..is enormously expensive and leads to an untold number of false positive results and more unnecessary biopsy procedures.  Doing serial sensitive scans like PET or CT would likely make this problem worse, both by increasing the false positives and incidental findings and by exposing individuals to ionizing radiation that itself causes cancer.”  The use of innovative technologies such as circulating tumor cells (CTC), genomics (circulating DNA and RNA) and wireless sensors including implanted nanosensors are described.  Obviously, hope runs high that at least some of these techniques will be validated so that the ultimate goal, prevention, is achieved.

A Glitch On the Road To Personalized Oncology

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biobanking, biomarkers, cancer, clinical trials, health, HeLa cells, medical education, medicine, oncology, participatory medicine, research

By Richard Just, MD

We receive a quarterly magazine in the office called CURE, which stands for Cancer Updates, Research & Education.  Browsing through the Winter, 2011 issue, I noticed a short article entitled “Lacks’ Legacy” with an accompanying picture of Henrietta Lacks.  I’ve previously published a blog on HeLa cells, the cell line cultured from her original cervical cancer.  These cells are immortal in that they contain an enzyme at the tips of their chromosomes which prevents them from undergoing programmed cell death (“apoptosis”).  “Lacks’ tissue has since spawned an estimated 50 metric tons of HeLa cells, and the total number of HeLa-related medical studies-roughly 60,000 to date-is growing by about 300 per month.”  These cells were so malignant they were able to rapidly proliferate despite primitive tissue culture procedures.

It then occurred to me that the article was actually a sidebar to another piece called “Why Banks Need Your Tissue for Research” by Paul Engstrom, about tissue repositories.  One major message is the wide gap that exists between knowledge generated in the laboratory (meaning biomarkers and targets for new therapies) and biobanking.  A partial list of problems includes “inconsistent collection, processing and storage of tissue, which can alter its molecular composition and skew experimental outcomes; shortages of high-quality tissue; outdated preservation techniques; the high cost of and inadequate funding for repositories; patients’ lack of awareness about tissue donation; and, for competitive and other reasons, institutions’ hoarding specimens they might otherwise share with researchers elsewhere.”  These are major issues.  Since it is becoming a standard practice in clinical trials to collect, store and study tissue, then maintain these specimens for future investigations, addressing these concerns is essential.  The recently completed TAILORx study of 10,000 newly diagnosed women with early stage, hormone receptor positive, node negative breast cancer is a good example.  The Oncotype DX Assay to identify patients who might benefit from the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to hormonal therapy as opposed to those who won’t was obtained from archived tissue specimens.  It is therefore vital that all efforts are made to assure that all institutions supplying these tissues and the repositories processing and storing them follow standardized procedures to validate that results are accurate.

All of this sounded familiar to me.  Then, I remembered an article I’d read previously in one of my favorite medical journals, WIRED magazine, entitled “The FLESH FILES” by Steve Silberman, June, 2010, pg. 156.  This is when I first became aware of the extent of these problems.  In 2005, the NCI announced the plan to create the Cancer Genome Atlas using the same techniques employed to delineate the human genome-high-throughput DNA sequencing, lab automation and computational biology.  The pilot phase would catalog genetic mutations in three of the major cancer killers:  glioblastoma multiforme (the most malignant brain tumor), serous cancers of the ovaries, and squamous-cell lung cancers.  This Atlas could reveal new tests, like the Oncotype Dx test, that would help determine treatment, develop novel agents directed against these mutations, and new methods to detect these cancers at an earlier stage.  Unfortunately, the Atlas was put on hold not because of difficulty with scientific techniques, but due to lack of viable tissue specimens to test.  In short, the biobanking system was in shambles.

Reasons for the sorry state of tissue repositories are numerous.  Focusing in on one aspect, freezing and thawing of tissues, classical solutions used to cryopreserve cells and bodily fluids are glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).  Tissue requires a different preservation method, using two relics from the Victorian era:  formaldehyde (in a diluted form called formalin) and paraffin.  Formalin acts as a fixative, arresting all cellular metabolic processes, while paraffin prevents oxidation.  Under the microscope, these substances preserve cellular structure.   But they play havoc with genetic material inside cells.  “Some cells get so stressed that hours after they thaw, they take themselves out of the gene pool permanently” by undergoing apoptosis, the same “programmed cell death” that is not seen in the immortalized HeLa cells.  Even cells that don’t die experience genetic changes in the freeze-thaw cycle that can lead to an overestimation of the quality of biospecimens.  The result is corruption of the genomic data.

Additionally, formalin causes significant alterations to cellular RNA, a major probe used to decode the genetic mechanisms of cancer.  And DMSO can actually accentuate the metastatic potential of a cancer.  If infused into patients, DMSO can result in chills, nausea, kidney failure and cardiac arrest, especially in children.  Use of DMSO can be reduced by “chilling tissue at a carefully controlled rate immediately after harvesting (using a technique appropriated from Eskimos in the early 1900s by Clarence Birdseye, father of the frozen-food industry).”  But, adoption of this procedure would disrupt the routine of already overworked hospital staff.

Enter Carolyn Compton, M.D., PhD, director of the Office of Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Md.  She is spearheading the effort to establish a central, public-private cancer tissue repository called the Cancer Human Bank (caHUB).  Unfortunately, these plans are on hold due to lack of sufficient federal funds.  Instead, $23.5 million in federal stimulus funds will be used by the NCI to expand research on standards for collecting, processing, storing and disseminating tissue specimens.

Trials and Errors

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cancer, clinical trials, clinicaltrials, CME, digital media, medical education, medicine, oncology, participatory medicine, pharma

By Richard Just, MD

The explosion of information in molecular oncology has identified a seemingly infinite number of targets for novel therapeutic agents.  This has spawned the concept of personalized oncology, which has “gone viral.”  However, a disconnect between the very large number of possible targets and the very small number of treatments is now apparent.  In addition, most (85%) of drugs thought to be beneficial in Phase II clinical trials cannot be validated when other labs and institutions attempt to reproduce these results.  And it is still taking up to 10 years and costing over $1 billion to bring a single new agent from the bench to the bedside.  A postulated major roadblock is that Clinical Trial design has not adapted to these new developments.

Maitland and Schilsky addressed this topic in a comprehensive article entitled:  Clinical Trials in the Era of Personalized Oncology; CA, A Cancer Journal for Clinicians; vol 61 no 6, Nov/Dec 2011:  pp 365-381.  Table 1, pg 366 summarizes “Oncology Care and Clinical Trials in the Eras of Population Oncology, Transition, and Personalized Oncology.”  In the areas of Screening, Diagnosis, Staging, Treatment determination, and Assessment intervals, we are headed for molecular-based and individual-based decision making, but we’re still in the transition phase.  As far as early phase clinical trials are concerned, the Population Oncology Era was oriented to maximum tolerated dose (MTD); the Transition Phase is oriented to “optimum biologic dose” and the Personalized Oncology Era to determine the range of tolerable and active doses.   Mid-phase clinical trials use histology and prior treatment-based eligibility in typically single-arm, non-comparator trials in the Population Oncology Era; the addition of some marker-based screening and some randomized controlled trials in the Transition Phase and some trials, histology, and prior treatment-based eligibility with rapid, serial assessments in the Personalized Oncology Era, many with eligibility restricted to tumor marker subsets.  Obviously, the trend is to stratify patients according to their biomarkers and to serially assess for response or lack of it at more frequent intervals to accelerate the conduct of trials.

Another issue is the complexity of the diseases we’re dealing with.  Weinberg and Hanahan proposed 6 “rules” that define the behavior of cancers, the so-called hallmarks of cancer:

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals:  cancer cells acquire an autonomous drive to proliferate, so-called pathological mitosis, by virtue of the activation of oncogenes
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals:  cancer cells inactivate tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit growth.
3. Evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis):  cancer cells suppress and inactivate genes and pathways that normally enable cells to die.
4. Limitless replicative potential:  cancer cells activate specific gene pathways that render them immortal even after generations of growth.
5. Sustained angiogenesis:  cancer cells acquire the capacity to draw out their own supply of blood and blood vessels-tumor angiogenesis.
6. Tissue invasion and metastasis:  cancer cells acquire the capacity to migrate to other organs, invade other tissues, and colonize these organs, resulting in their spread throughout the body.

A Cancer Genome Atlas is currently in process of development for the major cancers to map all these mutations and pathways to hopefully identify targets important in the causation of these cancers.

Happy New Year!

Tags

cancer, epatients, medical education, medicine, mentoring, oncology, participatory medicine, social media, twitter, wellness

As opposed to last New Year, I’m beginning 2012 relatively peacefully.  I’ll take a little laryngitis and bronchitis rather than last year’s open heart surgery anytime.  Early in my recovery I had more time to read, which was a plus since reading is one of my favorite hobbies.  While reading my e-mail a few days ago, I noticed a Medscape review of books recommended for physicians.  Included were two books I read: The Emperor of All Maladies; A Biography of Cancer (1) by Siddhartha Mukherjee and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (2) by Rebecca Skloot.  I agree with Dr. Bruce Cheson who thought so much of these books he gave copies of each one to his fellows at Georgetown.  They read like historical novels, confirming that truth is sometimes stranger than fiction.

But after the “Must Read” list, one item caught my attention that resonated with me:  “Doctors’ Bucket List:  20 Things to Do Before You ‘Kick the Bucket’ “. The idea is derived from the movie starring Jack Nicholson and Morgan Freeman.   I’ve practiced hematology and medical oncology for 36 ½ years after 2 years of fellowship following 4 years of internship and residency in internal medicine.  That’s 42 ½ years in medicine, almost 2/3 of my life, dealing with everyone one else’s mortality, but devoting only a small amount of energy to mine.

After surgery, my surgeon said he got me 10-15 (or was it 15-20) more years.  The implication was to make the most of it.  Next Friday is my 1 year anniversary from surgery.  So far, the cow aortic valve and the 3 coronary artery grafts are doing well.  It’s hard for me to believe, but in 1 month I will be 70 years old.  So there’s no time like the present.  Citing Caroline Adams Miller, MAPP, a certified professional coach, “The list should consist of things you plan to attempt and want to reach for so that you leave behind the imprint you wanted to have.”  It is advised to set specific goals that move you beyond your comfort zone.

I was encouraged to realize that, without actually writing anything down, I had started the list.  My wife and I are planning a trip to China for both business and pleasure.  She will practice her Tai Chi and hopes to attend a psychology conference.  I am planning to visit hospitals and clinics to educate myself in Traditional Chinese Medicine.  Since we have the beginnings of an Integrated Oncology Program in our practice, future affiliation may be possible.

Speaking of reaching outside my comfort zone, blogging and podcasting were new to me 8 months ago.  I am enjoying this new technology more as I’ve gained experience with time.  Gaining knowledge in new technology certainly is exciting and keeps me young.  Same for research.

It’s now 2012.  I have places to go, things to do and people to see before I kick the bucket.  By the way:  the origin of the phrase “kick the bucket” is unclear.  One theory is that people hanged themselves by tying a noose around their necks, standing on a bucket and kicking the bucket away.

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